Smoke pots and smoke bombs, which are widely used in fire drills or retreats, can produce white smoke. HAMSCs are a potential cell-based therapy for WSI-induced lung injury. hAMSC treatment also resulted in increased cell retention in the lung, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2), and PaO 2/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2) levels, and pulmonary SP-A, SP-C, and SP-D expression compared with that in the model and PBS group. Compared with the model and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) group, hAMSC treatment led to reduced lung injury, lung fibrosis, CT score, and inflammation levels in WSI-induced mice. The injected hAMSCs were primarily distributed in the lung tissues in WSI-induced rats. The expression of surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-C, and SP-D was measured by Western blotting. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The computed tomography (CT) score was assessed by CT scanning. Lung fibrosis was assessed by Masson’s trichrome staining. The lung injury score was determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. At 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after cell injection, hAMSCs labeled with PKH26 in lung, heart, liver, and kidney tissues were observed by fluorescence microscopy. HAMSCs were injected into rats via the tail vein 4 h after WSI. This study aimed to determine the protective effects of human amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) against WSI-induced lung injury in rats. White smoke inhalation (WSI) is an uncommon but potentially deadly cause of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome for which no effective pharmaceutical treatment has been developed.